ISO 45001:2018 - Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Step by step implementation guide Part-03
ISO 45001:2018 - Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Step by step implementation guide Part-03
Important Terminology in ISO 45001:2018
Workers & Interested Parties:
Interested Party - This term is defined as a “person or organization that can
affect, be affected by, or perceive to be affected by a [organization's]
decision or activity.”
Interested party is an
important inclusion in the ISO 45001:2018 standard. It was not considered as
much in OHSAS 18001:2007. The term is defined in clause 3.2. It is also
referred to as "stakeholder" in the standard.
Examples of Interested
parties regarding occupational health and safety management systems are:
employees, management and shareholders, external parties, contractors and
service providers, manufacturing partners, government and legislative bodies,
pressure groups, neighbors, trade unions, company insurers. See the
illustration on the following tab.
Worker - The ISO 45001 standard defines the term “worker” (clause 3.3),
as a “person performing work or work-related activities, that are under the
control of the organization”.
The concept of 'worker'
in the standard, is different to that which is perceived in certain industries.
The term worker, in the standard, includes top management, managerial and
non-managerial staff. This term incorporates the following:
1. Workers from external
providers
2. Contractors
3. Individuals
4. Agency workers
5. Other persons
involved in work-related activities
Consultation is defined in clause 3.5 of the ISO 45001 standard as
“Seeking views before making a decision”. Consultation includes engaging with
health and safety committees and workers’ representatives in the
decision-making process and the consideration of workers’ views. See the
illustration on the next tab.
It is related to the
terminology of participation, but is limited to obtaining the views of
workers, before making decisions. It is not necessary that workers' views
become the major factor in the decision-making process; however they should
have merit. In the participation part of the standard, workers are an integral
part of the decision-making process.
Consultation is also a
style of management - a consultative style of management, in which there is
less liberty and involvement of stakeholders, compared to a democratic style.
However the consultative style offers more liberty than the autocratic style of
management, in which top management directs what is to be done, without
consulting others. A consultative style of management is considered a more
"balanced approach" by many experts, compared with the autocratic and
democratic styles of management.
Participation is a term defined in clause 3.4 of the ISO 45001 standard,
as “involvement in decision making”, regarding the occupational health and
safety management system. It includes the involvement of health and safety
committees and workers’ representatives, or by other parties in the
organization.
The involvement of
workers and staff in decisions, is part of the ownership of the health
and safety management system. Participation is different from consultation. In
the former, workers are part of the decision-making process; in the latter
workers' views are welcomed and considered but are not necessarily a deciding
factor. In consultation, management considers workers' views on the basis of
their merit.
Participation is a
democratic style of management, where opinions are directly involved in the
decision-making process. This means a more empowered role for workers in the
management system, giving workers an increased level of ownership and
involvement. See the illustration on the next tab.
Contractors:
ISO 45001:2018 defines contractor
in clause 3.7 as “[an] external organization providing services in
accordance with agreed specifications, terms and conditions”. The standard
further says that services also include activities related to construction. A
contractor is also an interested party in the organization’s management
system.
There are two types of
'organizational circles', with regard to an organization's control over
contractors - a 'circle of control' and a 'circle of influence'. In a circle of
control, all contractors’ work is the responsibility of the organization. In a
circle of influence, the organization influences contractors to work safely and
according to certain protocols.
Contracts:
A contractor working at
the premises of an organization, has to follow all health and safety related
operational controls, as developed by the organization. However a contractor
doing work outside an organization's premises, will be influenced to
take certain measures, in order to control the health and safety levels at
another location.
The selection process
for contractors, should consider their health and safety performance record, in
addition to the quality of services they provide. It is also pertinent that the
terms relating to an organization's health and safety management system, should
be incorporated into the terms and conditions of the contract made with
contractors. This will create a contractual binding for compliance.
Hazards and the Workplace:
Workplace is defined in the ISO 45001:2018 standard as “[a] place
under the control of the organization, where a person needs to be, or to go,
for work purposes.”
Workplace is a physical
entity with a defined periphery. Large organizations with large workplaces, usually
employ area managers who have responsibility for certain areas. The scope of an
organization's occupational health and safety management system, is validated
by site visits to the workplace.
The organization's
responsibility for the workplace, is dependent on the level of control
that the organization has. If the management area of an organization has direct
control, then the workplace is under the control of the organization. If the
workplace is at a contractor's premises, then the organization can influence
the workplace, but it cannot control it.
ISO 45001 defines the term hazard, as a “source with a potential to
cause injury and ill health”. Hazards can include sources with the potential to
cause harm, or hazardous situations.
They can also include
circumstances that have the potential of exposure, leading to injury and ill
health. Hazards exist, due to unsafe work conditions and unsafe work
practices.
Unsafe conditions pose a
direct source of potential harm. An unsafe act also creates a situation where
injury or damage is possible. ISO 45001 mandates that organizations carry out hazard
identification and risk analysis of the workplace. Together, the process is
known as hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA).
Health, Injury and Objectives:
ISO 45001 defines injury and ill health as “adverse effect on the
physical, mental or cognitive condition of a person”. These adverse effects
include occupational disease, illness and death. When we say occupational
disease or occupational illness, it means that the illness or disease is
related to, or a consequence of work-related activity.
The term “injury and ill
health”, implies the presence of injury or ill health, either separately or in
combination. The occupational health and safety management system's main focus,
is to prevent injury and ill health at work. Recording incidents of injury and
ill health at work, is part of the performance monitoring criteria of the OHSMS.
Successful organizations aim to achieve zero occupational injury and ill health
at work, as their primary OH&S objective.
Objectives:
ISO 45001 defines the term OH&S objective as “set by the
organization to achieve specific results consistent with the OH&S policy”.
It means that the targets are set in the form of objectives and that the
objectives are consistent with the policies of the occupational health and
safety management system.
Objectives are made so
that specific results can be obtained from the activities that are taken to
achieve them. Objectives are usually based on the S.M.A.R.T concept,
i.e. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. See the
illustration on the next tab.
If objectives are made
using SMART principles, it is likely that an organization will achieve its
targets. Also, it will be easier for people to follow the procedures and to
complete activities that are defined in the objectives. Examples of OH&S
objectives include: zero accidents, reduction in loss-of-time injuries,
increase in safe working hours, decrease in the number of reports of unsafe
acts and unsafe conditions.
Risk and Uncertainty:
ISO 45001 defines the term risk as “the effect of uncertainty”. The
standard further explains that the effect is a deviation from the expected.
This effect can be positive or negative. Uncertainty is a state of deficiency
of information relating to the understanding or knowledge of an event, its
consequences, or its likelihood. Risk is often characterized by reference to
potential “events” and “consequences”, or a combination of these.
Risk is often expressed
in terms of a combination of the severity and consequences of an event
(including changes in realities) and likelihood or occurrence. Therefore risk
is commonly a multiple of severity and occurrence (Risk = Severity x
Occurrence). The joint terminology of “risks and opportunities” is used in ISO
45001. See the illustration on the next tab.
OHS Risk:
ISO 45001 defines Occupational
Health and Safety (OH&S) Risk, as the “combination of the likelihood of
occurrence of a work-related hazardous event(s) or exposure(s) and the severity
of injury and ill health, that can be caused by the event(s) or
exposure(s)”.
This means OH&S risk
is a risk related to hazards in the workplace, as opposed to business
and financial risks. The standard specifically defines OH&S risks as the
combination of probability of occurrence and the severity of the hazard.
Occurrence is the frequency of the event that is expected. Severity
is the impact of the hazard when or if it occurs. Severity, from an OH&S
perspective, can be fatal, a disability, a first aid case, or a near miss.
Organizations must bear the financial and reputation losses resulting from
incidents where they have to compensate workers for loss.
Incidents and Accidents:
ISO 45001 defines the term incident as “occurrence arising out of,
or in the course of, work that could or does result in injury and ill health”.
Examples of incidents are accidents and near-miss reports. An incident where
injury or ill health occurs is referred to as an accident.
Within accidents there
are: fatalities, disabilities, asset damage, first aid cases and injuries etc.
An incident where no injury or ill health occurs, can be referred to as a
“near-miss”, “near-hit” or “close call”. Although there may be nonconformity
related to an incident, incidents can occur where there is no nonconformity.
Fundamentals of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Summary
- Occupational
Health and Safety Management Systems help companies to improve their occupational
health and safety performance continually.
- Some of the national standards
for implementing OHSMS systems, prior to ISO 45001:2018 have been: BS
OHSAS 18001; ANSI/AIHA Z10 and CSA Z1000.
- The BS OHSAS 18001,
Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series, is a globally
recognized British Standard for occupational health and safety management
systems.
- ANSI stands for the American
National Standards Institute. The Accredited Standards Committee “Z10”
approved the standard in 1999.
- The Canadian Standards
Association (CSA), published a standard for Occupational Health and Safety
Management Systems, in 2006, known as CSA Z1000-6.
- The ISO 45001 standard matches
closely with the newly revised ISO 9001:2015 quality management system and
the ISO 14001:2015 environmental management system. Both similarly employ
a risk-based structure.
- The committee responsible for
the development of the ISO 45001 standard is known as ISO/PC 283.
- Experts from approximately
seventy countries, collaborated on the drafting of ISO 45001.
- The British Standards
Institution (BSI), served as the committee’s secretariat for the
development of ISO 45001.
- ISO 45001 incorporates a
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model. This is a mechanism for organizations to
plan what they require, in order to mitigate the probability of OH&S
damages.
- Companies need to migrate from
OHSAS 18001 to ISO 45001 within three years after publication of ISO 45001
(March 2018).
- Brief comparison between the
ISO 45001 and OHSAS 18001 standards: ISO 45001 uses a process-based
approach > OHSAS 18001 uses a procedure-based approach; ISO 45001 uses
a risk-based approach > OHSAS 18001 uses a preventive approach; ISO
45001 incorporates both risks and opportunities > OHSAS 18001 considers
risk only; ISO 45001 incorporates the views of interested parties >
OHSAS 18001 does not include the views of interested parties.
- In a rapidly growing and
creative world, the requirement is felt for organizations to be proactive
in the area of occupational health and safety management, rather than
reactive. ISO 45001 provides such a framework.
- Most organizations are small to
medium-sized enterprises. ISO 45001 is applicable to those, as well as to
larger enterprises.
- Most organizations will benefit
from ISO 45001 and significant numbers will welcome the recognition that
comes with ISO 45001 certification.
- The users of existing OHSMS,
such as OHSAS 18001 and the ILO-OSH Guidelines, will easily be able to
implement ISO 45001, as it does not contradict these standards.
- The ISO 45001:2018 OHSMS, offers
a vigorous set of processes for improving workplace safety in the area of
global supply chains.
- The new ISO 45001:2018
international standard, when implemented, is expected to reduce workplace
injuries and illness significantly around the world.
- According to ILO statistics
(2017), 2.78 million fatal accidents occur in the workplace each year. In
addition, there are approx. 374 million non-deadly incidents of
work-related damage and illness each year. Most of these incidents involve
loss-of-time injuries, meaning absenteeism from work, loss of productivity
and loss of revenue.
- According to the ISO 45001:2018
standard, the ultimate accountability of top management for the OHSMS
cannot be delegated.
- The support functions listed in
clauses 7.1 to 7.5 of ISO 45001:2018, include: availability of sufficient
resources; competency of workers to perform work safely, the necessary
awareness of workers, visitors and contractors regarding occupational
health and safety; sufficient communication; documentation of information.
- Clauses 8.1 to 8.2, deal with
operational planning and controls; emergency situations; cases of failure
and the development of preparedness plans by organizations.
- Clause 9 in ISO 45001, deals
with performance evaluation, similar to that contained in the British
standard OHSAS 18001.
- The linguistic reference to
‘preventive’ action in OHSAS 18001, has been removed from clause 10 in ISO
45001, as it is already considered in the risk management phase.
- Risk should not only be managed for hazards, but also
for internal and external issues, including the needs and expectations of
'interested parties'.
THANK YOU
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